Disclosure in Work Environments Essay -- Communication, Interpersonal

Open communication between individuals is very important. This quality is what makes relationships run smoothly between two or more individuals. Barnett, Cochran and Taylor explored significant relations between the openness of communication between management and employees in a previous study (1993). These researchers found that employees expressed concerns and the level of internal disclosures by employees in the study (Barnett et al., 1993). Barnett, Cochran and Taylor also found in their study that external whistle blowing may lead to â€Å"negative publicity, regulatory investigations, and legal liability issues† (1993). Trying to hold back or quiet employees may make the problem between the employees worse. Internal disclosures provide organizations an opportunity to explore and correct wrongdoing, and avoid the more negative consequences of external whistle blowing (Barnett et al., 1993). Disclosure in Work Environments 4 As sexual harassment can be a major topic in literature and in the workplace, organizations make sure to focus attention on the legal problems that may become evident if the harassment occurs (Bingham, 1991). Bingham investigated the interpersonal aspect of sexual harassment in this study to find how to eliminate the problem of sexual harassment (1991). In disclosure related situations, exchanging too much personal information to another employee can result in sexual harassment. In doing so, individuals must be careful in whom they are disclosing information to. Many individuals may feel uncomfortable in the situation. In many companies, sexual harassment is taken very seriously. Before an employee is hired at most companies they are explained the harassment precautions and regulations. In do... ...esearchers (Sias & Cahill, 1998). Peer friendships can offer a source of immanent rewards for employees. These rewards can protect against job-related anxiety, and can reduce job frustration and turnover (Sias & Cahill, 1998). By sticking together in the work environment, individuals are able to overcome obstacles at their employment. In doing so, individuals realize that they are not in it alone. The researchers found that peer friendships were based on both individual and circumstantial factors. For many, these workplace peers become more than just coworkers; they may also become friends (Sias & Cahill, 1998). The workplace did not act as a vessel for the friendships, but it played a significant role in the friendships developmental process. As their artificial influence decreased the friendship became closer and more interpersonal (Sias & Cahill, 1998).

Emerging Markets in International Business

[pic] Introduction: The buzz words in the international trade are India and China. They jointly account for 2. 4 billion people in the world i. e. about 40% of the world’s population, and an estimated future GDP growth of 8-10%. Modern economists believe that the future of international trade lies in the economies of emerging markets like India, China, Iraq, Brazil, Africa etc. Economist Thomas L Friedman has rightly said that there are three technological events that have contributed to the growth of these economies- The Personal Computer, through which individuals could become authors of their own content in digital form. The Internet – that provides the convenience of sending information to any part of the world. Lastly Software Manufacturing – which has made everyone’s computer interoperable. Convergence of these technologies have made economies which were once underscored as â€Å"Third World Economies† as the emerging hubs for International Business. However these economies are faced with new challenges when competing globally, such as lack of infrastructure, quality in education and corporate governance. The challenges that showcase their weakness can be an investment opportunity, thus making them viable markets worth venturing into. Objective: Our study focuses on the significance and impact of new markets in international trade on countries, companies and also on individuals. This study will also aim at understanding the trade problems faced by them in this area and to propose ways and measures to tackle them. Methodology: Our methodology comprises of information search, observations, questionnaires and opinion interviews with industrial experts and faculties. Various statistical measures will also be used to analyse the data. Outcome of the research: Through this study, we intend to bring out the different roles of emerging markets in international trade. These measures are taken via questionnaires; opinion of industrial experts, faculties specialized in international business and pre dominantly from few exporters who focus on international trade. We believe that the outcome of this study will help the corporate and individuals to prepare themselves to overcome the problems they are facing in the emerging battlegrounds of international trade. INTRODUCTION: The term â€Å"emerging markets† is used to describe a nation's social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. The Center for Knowledge Societies defines Emerging Economies as those â€Å"regions of the world that are experiencing rapid informationalization under conditions of limited or partial industrialization. † Currently, there are approximately 28 emerging markets in the world, the largest being those of India and China. Examples of other emerging markets include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Russia, some Arab Gulf States and South Africa. The rapid integration into world markets by six of the largest non-OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) economies (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa, together known as the BRIICS) was an important component of globalisation during the past two decades. Economic incentives across world markets and in the BRIICS in particular, have been aligned more closely with countries’ and businesses’ genuine strengths. From the past few decades, all of the BRIICS have opened their economies significantly and improved their connectedness to world trade networks. The substantial reduction of trade barriers at the border can be seen, for example, in the decline of the average applied tariffs on non-agricultural products. However, the pace varied across these countries. Dispersion of tariffs also fell, contributing to a further reduction in economic distortion. However, in this study we focus on the emerging engines in the Asian Business – India and China, which together accounts for 2. 5 billion people, China and India are today the driving forces of growth in the midst of rapid economic transformation in the global economy. The Composite Leading Indicators (CLI) designed to provide early signals of turning points in business cycles, rose by 0. 4 point for India in April 2009, and 0. 9 for China. For much of human history, what China and India had in common was the fact that they were the richest nations on earth. Long before Europe emerged, China and India had higher standards of living and more numerous technical and scientific inventions. Yet starting in the early nineteenth century this began to dramatically change with both countries experiencing a long relative decline, eclipsed ultimately by Europe and North America. By mid twentieth century, both countries were relatively poor. The reversal of China’s fortunes began in 1978 when Deng Xiao Ping came to power and instituted market oriented economic policies and that of India began in the early 1990s when, in response to a financial crisis, the government reversed decades of socialistic policies and began a gradual path toward market orientation. Since those policy reversals, both countries have grown rapidly. For the first time since the early nineteenth century, they have expanded their share of global GDP. [pic] Figure 1: Global GDP share expressed as a percentage from 1600-2001 for the key players in global economy. Global investment firm, Moody’s say that driven by renewed growth in India and China, the world economy is beginning to recover from one of the worst economic downturns in decades. The Chinese GDP has risen by 7. 9 per cent while that of India has grown by 6. 1 per cent in the April-June 2009-10 periods. Moody’s has now revised India’s growth forecast to 6. 4 per cent for the current fiscal. FACTORS AFFECTING CHINA’S GROWTH: International trade makes up a sizeable portion of China's overall economy. The course of China's foreign trade has experienced considerable transformations since the early 1950s. In 1950 more than 70 percent of the total trade was with non-Communist countries, but by 1954, a year after the end of the Korean War, the situation was completely reversed, and trade with Communist countries stood at about 75 percent. POLITICAL REFORMS The Chinese Economy was on the forefront of economic greatness under the periods of Mao Zedong from 1949 – 1978 who introduced the â€Å"Great Leap Forward† under this economy, the country was a centrally planned economy. Though this idea of planned economy was inculcated in the economy, the intervention of state in agriculture led to massive corruption, ultimately leading to the deaths of millions of people due to starvation. Market Oriented Mixed Economy: This led to a period rule under Deng Xiaoping , who introduced the â€Å"market oriented mixed economy†-based on private property . Under this system China saw much growth in both national and international trade. Farmlands were privatized and agriculture was now a concern of both the state and the individual. A market economy is an economy based on the division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system set by supply and demand. This is often contrasted with a planned economy, in which a central government determines the price of goods and services using a fixed price system. Market economies are also contrasted with mixed economy where the price system is not entirely free but under some government control or are heavily regulated and may sometimes be combined with state-led economic planning. SOCIAL REFORMS: Another area which is pivotal in the area of growth is the social and cultural condition which is important to enhance the growth. One Child Policy: This is a measure which was started in China to curb the population explosion in China. China’s one child family policy, which was first announced in 1979, has remained in place despite the extraordinary political and social changes that have occurred over the past two decades. It emerged from the belief that development would be compromised by rapid population growth and that the sheer size of China’s population together with its young age structure presented a unique challenge. Most population growth rate targets were abandoned in the early 1980s, and from 1985 the official goal was to keep the population at around 1. 2 billion by 2000. Protection for Private Property Rights: Prior to 1978, private ownership of property was not encouraged at any cost. However later the government started to proportionate and distribute private property. Harmonious Society: This is a socio-economic vision that is said to be the ultimate end result of Chinese leader Hu Jintao's signature ideology of the Scientific Development Concept. It serves as the ultimate goal for the ruling Communist Party of China along with Xiaokang society, which aims for a â€Å"basically well-off† middle-class oriented society. First proposed by the Chinese government under the Hu-Wen Administration during the 2005 National People's Congress, the idea changed China's focus from economic growth to overall societal balance and harmony. Grasping the Large and Letting the Small Go Policy: These reforms (1996) included efforts to corporatize state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and to downsize the state sector. The â€Å"grasping the large† component indicated that policy-makers should focus on maintaining state control over the largest state-owned enterprises (which tended to be controlled by the central government). â€Å"Letting the small go† meant that the central government should relinquish control over smaller state-owned enterprises. Relinquishing control over these enterprises took a variety of forms: giving local governments authority to restructure the firms, privatizing them, or shutting them down. ECONOMIC REFORMS: One of the main factors which contributed to the economic growth of China was the Economic liberalization which was started in 1978. Its economy changed into a market oriented mixed economy. They implemented several instruments to increase their economic growth. Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s): China was the first country to introduce SEZ’s and they followed a western style of management which resulted in survival of best in the market. It is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws. The category ‘SEZ' covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others. Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors. Special Economic Zones were founded by the central government under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s. The most successful Special Economic Zone in China, Shenzhen, has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years. Five Year Plans: The economy was shaped by the Chinese Communist Party through the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of Chinese communism, mapping strategies for economic development, setting growth targets, and launching reforms. Planning is a key characteristic of centralized, communist economies, and one plan established for the entire country normally contains detailed economic development guidelines for all its regions. China is in its 11th Five year plan guideline (2006-2010) Private Ownership: With production being introduced in the agricultural sector, private ownership of production assets became legal, although many major non-agricultural and industrial facilities were still state-owned and centrally planned. The government also encouraged non-agricultural activities, such as village enterprises in rural areas, promoted more self-management for state-owned enterprises, increased competition in the marketplace and facilitated direct contact between Chinese and foreign trading enterprises. The development of the private sector was allowed and was permitted to compete with state firms in a number of service sectors, and increasingly in infrastructure operations, such as construction. Foreign direct Investment: China has principal attractions like low-cost labor and an enormous domestic market of more than 1. 2 billion consumers. The investment climate has been opened up gradually. In the 1980s, foreigners were restricted to export-oriented joint ventures with Chinese firms. In the early 1990s, they were allowed to manufacture goods for sale in the domestic Chinese market; and by the mid-1990s; the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises was permitted. China's accession to the WTO forces the government to open up the services sector. In 2004, China being one of the fastest-growing economies in the world attracted actual FDI of more than US$60. 6 billion, up 13 per cent from the previous year. As of 2009, China has around US$ 80 billion alone-the highest FDI in the world. Chinese economic stimulus plan: The stimulus package announced by the central government of the People's Republic of China on 9 November 2008 was its biggest move to stop the global financial crisis from hitting the world's third largest economy. The State Council had approved a plan to invest 4 trillion Yuan in infrastructure and social welfare by the end of 2010. The stimulus package will be invested in key areas such as housing, rural infrastructure, transportation, health and education, environment, industry, disaster rebuilding, income-building, tax cuts and finance. Export Driven Economy: China’s export was US $0. 30 trillion higher than its imports. The country mainly drives the economy through its exports. It also had a healthy Foreign Exchange Reserve of US $ 2. 1 trillion and is the 3rd largest GDP with $4. 4 trillion. Government Owned Banks: One of the reasons that China was able to drive its economy through exports was because of the efficient controlling of the money supply by the banks, even in the midst of recession. China has not let its banking system run roughshod over its productive economy. Chinese banks work for the people rather than the reverse. China hasn’t allowed its banking sector to become so powerful, so influential, and so large that it can call the shots or highjack the bailout. In simple terms, the government preferred to answer to its people and put their interests first before any vested interest or group. And that is why Chinese banks are lending to the people and their businesses in record numbers. The Chinese stimulus was large compared to the U. S. and has been much more effectively channeled into employment than that in the U. S. Manufacturing as a low-cost producer: China is well known for its low cost products. The production rates of electronics and other goods are the lowest in China when compared to other countries, which is mainly because of the low cost of production by the manufacturer. The methods used in production such as poke-yoke (error free) have helped them to attain low costs in production. Another reason for low cost production is the cheap labor available in China. Infrastructure: The infrastructure facilities provided by government to the companies contributed immensely to their growth. The period since 1978 saw rapid industrialization from 53% in 1981 to 8% in 2001. FACTORS AFFECTING INDIA’S GROWTH POLITICAL REFORMS: India celebrated 60 years of Independence on August 15, 2007. It is now the second fastest growing major economy, after China. It has also caught media attention because companies like Tata Steel acquired Corus; India is now the second largest investor by number of projects in London; and Mr. L. N. Mittal – an Indian – owns the largest steel company in the world. Visionary Leaders: It all began in 1947, the year of Independence, where India’s first prime minister Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru chose Democracy which was modeled on Westminster. The Soviet Union however presented an economic model that appealed in terms of growth. The Planned Economy: Self – sufficiency and fear of economic dependence on foreigners after two centuries of overseas rule shaped early thinking at Independence. Nehru modeled the economy on Soviet socialist lines of central control and state-run heavy-industry firms dominating the economy to avoid reliance on the West. The License Raj: During the 1950-1990, in order to promote self sufficiency policies of high import tariffs and duties, controls on production through licenses, public sector monopolies and isolating India to the outside world were followed. The unintended results were a shackled economy. Poor economic growth resulted due to the economy stifled by licensing, socialist red tape, excessive bureaucracy and regulation (â€Å"the License Raj†). Many state run monopolies were run by bureaucrats with little commercial experience. Corruption was nurtured. Private industry was starved of badly needed funds that went to state-run firms, often loss makers. The result was the poor allocation of scarce resources to unproductive channels. Competition was curbed and consumers fared badly. Balance of Payments crisis in 1991: Crisis in 1991 pushed the country to near bankruptcy. In return for an IMF bailout, gold was transferred to London as collateral, the Rupee devalued and economic reforms were forced upon India. That low point was the catalyst required to transform the economy through badly needed reforms to unshackle the economy. Controls started to be dismantled, tariffs, duties and taxes progressively lowered, state monopolies broken, the economy was opened to trade and investment, private sector enterprise and competition were encouraged and globalisation was slowly embraced. The reforms process continues today and is accepted by all political parties, but the speed is often held hostage by coalition politics and vested interests. SOCIAL REFORMS Agriculture: India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 16. % of the GDP in 2007, employed 60% of the total workforce and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, it is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation known collectively as the Green Revolution, provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving agriculture in India. Removing Socio- Economic Barriers: The biggest challenge in the period of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) in 1991 was the removal of social and economic barriers, through a variety of measures which included family planning, economic welfare programmes, women empowerment initiatives, midday meal scheme, Rural Employment guarantee scheme, Compulsory Education, Union’s intervention in the State etc. Mixed Economy: India has adopted the concept of a mixed economy, in which both the private and public enterprises are given freedom to co-exist. Prior to 1991, the country was grappling itself with unwanted bureaucracy, which tried to hamper the growth in India leading widening gaps in the Indian culture. Population Conscious: A country with a billion marks in population has started to tread on a road in order to reduce the population. Families are encouraged to have 2-3 children, and the government is not too keen on an impenitent restriction in childbirth like China. Progressive Economy: India is a progressive economy, where emphasis is made on the people’s growth. All laws of the country are spearheaded to making India a better place for Indians to live in. Government controls have been reduced on foreign trade and investment; privatization of domestic output has proceeded slowly but steadily over the years. ECONOMIC REFORMS: India Inc s stupendous growth can be attributed to ‘ India Economic Reform ‘ earnest in July 1991. The balance of payments crisis opened the way for an International Monetary Fund (IMF) program that led to major ‘ India Economic Reform ‘. The foreign-exchange reserves recovered quickly and arrested the crisis related IMF and World Bank. Some of these factors which influenced the reforms were: Balance Of Payments Crisis: Balance of Payments crisis in 1991 pushed the country to near bankruptcy. In return for an IMF bailout, gold was transferred to London as collateral, the Rupee devalued and economic reforms were forced upon India. That low point was the catalyst required to transform the economy through badly needed reforms to unshackle the economy. Controls started to be dismantled, tariffs, duties and taxes progressively lowered, state monopolies broken, the economy was opened to trade and investment, private sector enterprise and competition were encouraged and globalization was slowly embraced. Revenue Deficit: India’s biggest problem arose out of the fact that it had huge revenue deficits. From 1950- 1980, the budget was characterized by Revenue surplus and Capital account deficits. The governments voluntarily allowed Revenue deficits use. It was caused by excessive employment in the government sector, mounting subsides, growing interest burden, unequal pricing of goods and services by the private sector. They tackled the problem by downsizing the employees in the public sector. Fiscal deficit: The measures to reduce the fiscal measures were started in 1991 – 1992. They initially reduced the fertilizer and food subsides. Then in 1995 the government reduced public expenditure in social welfare. Deficit Financing: The concept of printing currencies was curbed in tackling problems of Fiscal financing, which was in fact crippling the economy by the means of unwanted money supply. RBI’s measures: The RBI managed to control the money supply in India by Bank rate, Cash reserve ratio, and by Open market operation. Tax Reforms: †¢ Expanding the tax base by including the service sector. †¢ Reducing the rates of direct taxes in India †¢ Abolishing Export subsides †¢ Lowering import duties †¢ Value Added tax †¢ Tax incentives for Infrastructure and Exports Special Economic Zones: is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws. An SEZ is a trade capacity development tool, with the goal to promote rapid economic growth by using tax and business incentives to attract foreign investment and technology. Today, there are approximately 3,000 SEZs operating in 120 countries, which account for over US$ 600 billion in exports and about 50 million jobs. By offering privileged terms, SEZs attract investment and foreign exchange, spur employment and boost the development of improved technologies and infrastructure. There are 13 functional SEZs and about 61 SEZs, which have been approved and are under the process of establishment in India. The SEZ policy was first introduced in India in April 2000, as a part of the Export-Import (â€Å"EXIM†) policy of India. Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realizing the need that level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally Divestment: The government also started the process of divesting which is a way by which the government reduces its interest in assts for financial objectives. It is mostly done so that the companies would divulge their interests in its core businesses. Chinese Experience: The reforms in India's foreign investment and external trade sectors followed the Chinese experience with external economic reforms. †¢ In the industrial sector, industrial licensing was cut, leaving only 18 industries subject to licensing. Industrial regulation was rationalized. †¢ Abolishing in 1992 the Controller of Capital Issues which decided the prices and number of shares that firms could issue. †¢ Introducing the SEBI Act of 1992 and the Security Laws (Amendment) which gave SEBI the legal authority to register and regulate all security market intermediaries. Starting in 1994 of the National Stock Exchange as a computer-based trading system which served as an instrument to leverage reforms of India's other stock exchanges. The NSE emerged as India's largest exchange by 1996. †¢ Reducing tariffs from an average of 85 percent to 25 percent, and rolling back quantitative controls. (The rupee was made convertible on trade account. ) †¢ Encouraging foreign direct investment by increasing the maximum limit on share of foreign capital in joint ventures from 40 to 51 percent with 100 percent foreign equity permitted in priority sectors. Streamlining procedures for FDI approvals, and in at least 35 industries, automatically approving projects within the limits for foreign participation. †¢ Opening up in 1992 of India's equity markets to investment by foreign institutional investors and permitting Indian firms to raise capital on international markets by issuing Global Depository Receipts (GDRs). †¢ Marginal tax rates were reduced. †¢ Privatization of large, inefficient and loss-inducing government corporations was initiated. FACTORS HAMPERING CHINA’S GROWTH: Low level of education The level of education is an area of concern, where the population is dominant of 30-40 age barrier which causes serious hampering in the economic growth. Language problem One of the main problems that the Chinese people facing is the language barrier. English language is not popular in china and the people in china are behind India in the language proficiency of English. So when they have trade between other countries, the medium of language becomes a problem for them. Poor living conditions One of China’s most serious problems is that over the past 50 years China’s leaders have constructed two China’s: a modern wealthy China and a backward rural poor China. This â€Å"house divided† is a major weakness in contemporary China and to unite this house into a major Asian power will take enormous effort and resources and may require decades to accomplish. Low level of institutional infrastructure and corporate governance: The government is primarily one where the government has maximum amount of control on almost any level of economy. So if greater autonomy is not given, the growth tends to be very slow. Necessity of skilled labor: Even though labor cost is perceived to be low, the skilled labor remains a serious question to be analyzed. The necessity skills are very much necessary in the sectors of manufacturing and industry. The country severely faces many problems with respect to skilled labor. FACTORS HAMPERING INDIA’S GROWTH: Poverty level: According to the a 2005 World Bank estimate, 42% (456 million Indians)of India's falls below the international poverty line of $1. 5 a day (PPP, in nominal terms Rs. 21. 6 a day in urban areas and Rs 14. 3 in rural areas); having reduced from 60% in 1980. According to the criterion used by the Planning Commission of India 24. 5% of the population was living below the poverty line in 2006–2007, down from 51. 3% in 1977–1978, and 36% in 1993-1994 While poverty rates in India are high, they are not on a par with what neighboring Pakistan and Bangladesh ex perience. The main reasons for this are large population, and low literacy level. Lack of Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into: †¢ Biotic – Biotic resources are those obtained from the biosphere. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they were formed from decayed organic matter. †¢ Abiotic – Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc. lack of hese resources makes a huge difference in the growth of India. So now India has to depend on renewable resources. On the basis of ownership, resources can be classified into: individual, community, national, and international Individual resources: Process Resources The following types of resources can execute an activity within a process. Tangible resource – Conventional resources like plants, equipments , IT infrastructure etc. Intangible resource – Increasingly important resource type including brands and patents and India is lacking these resources. Infrastructure A well-knit and coordinated system of transport plays an important role in the sustained economic growth of a country. India has a well-developed transport network comprising rail, road, coastal shipping, air transport etc. The commercialization of infrastructure is not progressing fast enough to provide decent living conditions to citizens at large. Lack of Capital Domestic demand in India is rising, but the country does not have the matching supply, making it essential for it to rely on foreign capital. India is in the early stages of a new economic cycle†¦ It offers a delectable mix of improving political backdrop, strong structural drivers of growth, and accelerating domestically-driven growth, Unlike China, India is a supply constraint and will have to continue relying on foreign capital†¦ Barring any dislocating effect of global events, foreign inflows should continue although at a slower pace. Political problems The main political problems t. hat India faces is the political instability in the country. The decisions which one political party has taken will be removed by the next government, which leads to instability in the process or activity which is on the way. And other problems are lack of visionary leader, who can lead the country to become a super power. CONCLUSION: Both the countries India and China will grow rapidly, taking a much larger share of global GDP. In both countries, the domestic market will become increasingly attractive to global companies. The division of labor between India and China will become blurred as both countries excel in services and manufacturing. Trade between India and China will expand, enabling companies in both countries to achieve critical mass. For global companies selling in these markets, this means more local competition. Both countries will create new world-class companies that will be competitive with companies based in the West. For some Western companies, this will create new challenges. Both countries, while remaining relatively poor, will experience rapid growth of the middle class, creating vast new opportunities for Western companies to sell in those markets. If the above challenges can be tackled in the perspective of both India and China’s growth, then surely we see both the country’s contribution in the world economy as significantly large. We firmly believe that India and China will become world super powers by 2025, but the question is who is first and who is second†¦ ———————– NITTE Meenakshi Institute of Technology ALBERT JACOB and JAISON JAMES KRISTU JAYANTI COLLEGE, BANGALORE [email  protected] com Emerging Markets in International Trade THEME International Business & the World Economy – Issues and Innovations

County Jail And One State Prison - 954 Words

For this paper I looked into many different Ohio county jails and many different state prisons and was amazed at how little if any information was given about these facility’s from everything from the organizational structure, chain of command to the classifications of inmates, to the fact that there is no mention of any problems inside these facility’s which I find comical considering I’ve done county time and have seen and lived firsthand the day to day problems that accurse at the county level and know a few who have gone to prison and have talked about the problems there. So to fulfill the requirements of this assignment I have to write about two separate facility’s so I choose one county jail and one state prison to write about. The first place I’ve decided to write about is the franklin county correction center which is run by the franklin county Sherriff’s office. This is the first stop for anyone who is arrested for any reason in Fran klin County. Franklin county has this listed under there department structure as corrections division and there are two facility’s labeled corrections center one and corrections center two. The combined daily population is on average 1,000-2,000 inmates. Franklin County Corrections Center I, 370 S. Front St. is a 643 bed maximum security facility. Approximately 95% of it s population are felons. Franklin County Corrections Center II, 2460 Jackson Pike, is a 1,671 bed maximum security facility. Approximately 70% of it s populationShow MoreRelatedUnintended Consequences Of The State Prison System1010 Words   |  5 PagesTaylor-Nicholson, state budget cuts, lowering prison over-crowding, and improving corrections are the underlying reasons for the policy shift. 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Jail has fewer amenitiesRead MoreCja 234 Jail and Prison1184 Words   |  5 PagesJail and Prison CJA 234 Jails and prisons from the outside perspective seem to have the same meaning. Although jails and prisons are a part of the criminal justice system correctional system, the fact is jails and prisons are different. The jail system is a short-term facility where inmates are confined until their trial date. State and Federal prisons are long-term facilities where inmates are confined after being convicted.Read MorePrison Overcrowding And California s Correctional System1651 Words   |  7 PagesPrison overcrowding has caused many complications to California’s Correctional System. To resolve this issue, â€Å"[o]n April 5, 2011, California Governor Jerry Brown signed into law AB 109, the ‘2011 Realignment Legislation Addressing Public Safety’†¦, which†¦ shifted responsibility from the state to the counties for tens of thousands of offenders,† (Abarbanel et al., 2013, 1). This law was put in action was because of overcrowding in state prison and it was affecting a variety of crucial programs thatRead MoreJails vs. Prisons1464 Words   |  6 PagesCorrections Jails vs. Prisons ------------------------------------------------- Andrea K. Wester ------------------------------------------------- April 30, 2012 To start, this paper has been more than challenging for me. Never before has my eyes been more opened to such differences. And to warn you I may have more information than needed, but no surprise there. Here bellow is what I have come up with on the differences between jail systems and prisons systems. There is not a major differenceRead MoreCalifornia Prison System Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ M7A1 Case Study 3: California Prison System AB 109 and AB 117 were introduced to ease the pressure of the federal and state budget through saving costs on the penitentiary system. In this regard, the reduction of the prison population and the transfer of a part of the prison population to county jails was one of the main provisions of AB 109 but AB 117 actually discharges provisions of AB 109. Such a paradoxical situation is the result of scarce financialRead MoreJail and Prison Comparison Paper1460 Words   |  6 PagesJail and Prisons Comparison Paper Jail is usually the first place a person is taken after being arrested by police officers. The authority of states to build, operate, and fill jails can be found in the Tenth Amendment, which has been construed to grant to states the power to pass their own laws to preserve the safety, health, and welfare of their communities. Jail is to protect the public and citizens of county by providing a wide range of constructive, professional correctional services for

Walt Disney s Opening Day - 1620 Words

Before Walt Disney World was built, Walt Disney had to secretly purchase the land using fake company names in order to buy it inexpensively. He first had to explore across the United States for the perfect location. He wanted to fulfill his idea: â€Å"A family park where parents and children could have fun together.† He had already begun when Disneyland opened in 1955. Opening day was successful in numbers: the freeway had a seven mile backup, an estimated 15,000 people were coming, but 28,000 showed up that day (Klein). Purchasing the Land Before there could be any ideas about what the new park would look like, a location had to be determined. Walt Disney searched all across the United States. He needed an area with lots of land; Walt said he would never make the mistake of not purchasing land around the structured park because as soon as Disneyland opened, it was surrounded by tacky stores, restaurants, hotels and gift shops. They were visible from inside the park, which made him very upset (Mongello). One of the first ideas for a location was Niagara Falls, New York. Walt flew to the Falls and met with the mayor to discuss his idea. The plan didn’t last very long, and Walt soon moved to another location, Marceline, Missouri. It was where Walt lived until he was nine. He planned on buying a 45-acre farm for the project. It was a special place that meant a lot to him; actually, Main Street in Disneyland was inspired by Marceline. Before the plan was tossed, Walt stayed upShow MoreRelatedDisneyland History1565 Words   |  7 PagesDisneyland s History [pic] One day Walt Disney had a vision. It was a vision of a place where children and parents could have fun together. The more Walt dreamed of a magical park, the more imaginative and elaborate it became. The original plans for the park were on 8 acres next to the Burbank studios where his employees and families could go to relax. Although, World War II put those plans on hold. During the war, Walt had time to come up with new ideas, and creations for his magical parkRead MoreMedia Networks : 2014 : 21.15 Us Billion Dollars Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pages the Disney/ABC Television group and the ESPN Inc. Media Networks also includes supporting headquarters, communications, digital media, marketing, distribution, research and sales groups. To break it down, the Disney/ABC†¯Television†¯group is made up of The Walt Disney Company s world wide entertainment,†¯television†¯news properties, the†¯television†¯networks†¯they own, for example Disney Channels Worldwide, ABC Family as well as many more networks that are all owned by Disney.†¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ †¯ B) The Walt DisneyRead MoreThe History of Disneyland1272 Words   |  5 Pageswas created by Walt Disney because of his love for cartoons and continued to be built by Roy in 1966 after Walt Disney’s death. Walt Disney was born December 5, 1901in Chicago, Illinois. He did not have the idea childhood due to his family being financially unstable and his father was not the nicest to him. As a child Walt’s father Elias believed in corporate punishment and beat him regularly. Since the family was poor, they had to move around a lot so they could find jobs. Walt and his brothersRead MoreInspiring Many : The True Story Of Walt Disney1352 Words   |  6 PagesStory of Walt Disney â€Å"Walt Disney was a dreamer, just a kid who never grew up,† (University Meghan’s Channel†). He took his dreams and made them real in his motion pictures, sharing them with kids and adults around the world. Walt would become the greatest and most powerful innovator in film. His filmmaking and entrepreneurial skills would make him a lasting figure. Born in Chicago December 5, 1901 (Langer), Walt had an incredible dream fulfilling life ahead of him. His parents were Elias Disney and FloraRead MoreWalt Disney : The Man Behind These Characters, And The Creation Of One Of The World1039 Words   |  5 PagesEVERYONE KNOWS THE CHARACTERS OF MICKEY MOUSE, MINNIE MOUSE, AND DONALD DUCK. WALT DISNEY WAS THE MAN BEHIND THESE CHARACTERS AND MANY MORE. A BOY BORN IN CHICAGO, IL AND MADE HIS WAY TO HOLLYWOOD, CA CREATED MANY OF THE GREATEST CARTOON CHARACTERS AND BROUGHT FAIRY TALES TO LIFE. THE DISNEY NAME IS KNOWN NOT ONLY FOR CARTOONS BUT MOVIES, TELEVISION, RADIO, AND THE CREATION OF ONE OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST AMUSEMENT PARKS. WALT WAS BORN IN CHICAGO, IL IN 1901, ONE OF FIVE CHILDREN, 4 BOYS AND 1 GIRL.Read MoreThe History of Disneyland Paris1215 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of DisneyLand Paris In the beginning... Following on from the success of the DisneyLand theme park in Anaheim, plans to build a European version first started around 1975, nine years after Walt Disney died. Initially Britain, Italy, Spain and France were all considered as possible locations, though Britain and Italy were quickly dropped from the list of potential sites because they both lacked a suitably large expanse of flat land. The most likely site was thought to be in the AlicanteRead MoreWalt Disney : A World Without His Magic, Whimsy, And Optimism1641 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Walt disney Try to imagine a world without Walt Disney. A world without his magic, whimsy, and optimism. Walt Disney changed the entertainment industry, into what we know today. He pioneered the fields of animation, and found new ways to teach, and educate. Walt disney was a person that had a great mind and was a better leader. Walt disney was a man that influenced the people minds to join and help during both of the World Wars. Walt disney was born December 5, 1901Read MoreWalt Disney s Influence On The Entire World927 Words   |  4 PagesElias â€Å"Walt† Disney, sound familiar? Even though he was a very famous innovator and pioneer, Walt is known for many different things. He and his brother Roy co-founded Walt Disney Productions, which is one of the best known motion-picture production companies in the entire world. Walt Disney was also the founder of theme parks Disneyland and Walt Disney World. Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901, In Chicago, Illinois. His father was Elias Disney and his mother was Flora Call Disney. DisneyRead MoreWalter Elias Disney s Life1216 Words   |  5 PagesWalter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901, in Chicago, Illinois. His father was Elias Disney, an Irish-Canadian, who was a building contractor, and his mother, Flora Call Disney, was German-American, who was a public school teacher. Walt was one of five children, four boys and a girl. He lived most of his youth in Marceline, Missouri, where he began painting, drawing, and selling pictures to neighbors and family friends. In 1911, his family moved to Kansas City, where Walt acquired a loveRead MoreEssay on The Life of Walt Disney1667 Words   |  7 Pagesyoung man started off with one idea that lead to bigger and better ideas as time went on. Walt Disney imagined what people thought to be the impossible and created a Disney empire that was made up of cartoons, movies, amusement park s, and much more entertainment. To think if Walt Disney never shared his visions with the world, there would be no animation, amusement parks, Mickey Mouse, or any classic Disney movies like Snow White, Mary Poppins, or Beauty and the Beast. Also, children wouldn’t have

The Stages Of Social Play - 1026 Words

The stages of social play is a theory that is composed by Mildred Parten. In 1932, she conducted a study of children from ages of 2 to 4 years old. The goal of her experiment was to identify the interaction of children among peers and influences of play. There are 6 stages of social play behavior; unoccupied, onlooker, solitary independent, parallel activity, associative play, and cooperative organized play. All of these stages were represented in my observation of the toddlers play with one another. The first 3 behaviors of social play correlated to a child’s independence involved to social play among his or her peers. Those behaviors are unoccupied, onlooker, and solitary independence. First, the behavior of a child may not engage in†¦show more content†¦The child may play beside groups, but not be totally in the group. Second, the child may play with other children. The child will have a conversation and interaction with designing and playing games. Lastly, the beh avior of the child may play in groups that are organized by order of constructing or accomplishing objectives in the games. For example, the game of freeze play or tag is a game that has an objective, which is to tag the other person before someone does the action to the other. On September 28, I observed 2 to 4 year olds at the Child Development Lab that is overseen by Tennessee Technological University. I arrived at the classroom at 4:00 p.m. Most of the kids were energetic, but a few of the kids were quiet. The number of kids were 5 boys and 2 girls in the classroom. Until, the teacher decides to take the kids outside for free play. The children were combined from the other classes to join for recess. The teacher had set rules for the children. As the children waited for the teacher, they sat on the yellow line of the concrete step in front of the gate. After, the teacher checks who all is present at the playground, then the kids are permitted to play. All the kids started running throughout the playground and sectioned off into groups or stood by themselves. All the children were different with social play, but I share two stages that were represented in social

World War Ii the American Experience Free Essays

string(45) " fortifying a village along the beach front\." World War II: The American Experience HIS120 Date World War II: The American Experience It is no known secret that America attempted to reframe from becoming a part of what was projected as being a major war which started with the European culture. Historians believe that the second war was a contribution of the Great Depression which caused for America to seize from their investments in Europe. This caused for a struggle of power in Europe which provide an opportunity for Hitler and Stalin to obtain control over Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on World War Ii the American Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now However receiving control over Britain would become a challenge. The prime minister at that time knew in order to survive he would need an alliance; the United States. With Germany, Italy, and Japan seizing majority of Europe, President Roosevelt agreed to support Britain in the war in order to promote the â€Å"Four Freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom for want, and freedom for fear† (Schultz, 2012). With the booming of Pearl Harbor on December 7, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war. Once war was declared and with Hitler also declaring war on the United States; this became the beginning of World War II. North African Campaign Figure 1. Allied Operations in World War II, 1942-1945 American troops entered into North Africa in late 1943. The North African Campaign, better known as the Desert War, took place in North African desert which surrounded those areas of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and the Western Sahara (United States History, 2012). After the Axis (name given for the Germane, Italian, and Japanese) were defected in France, Northern Africa became the focus of conquering. It is stated that the North African Campaign was fought for not only one reason but for two reasons. The Suez Canal was the first objective to gain control over for the reason that the Suez Canal will be the source of controlling the Middle East. The second objective for the North African Campaign was the Middle East oil supply and resources. Egypt was a main focus due to the location in which was at the center of the Eastern Mediterranean, Abyssinia, and the Middle East (United States History, 2012). Operation torch was lead by General Bernard Montgomery. During operation torch, British troops were in Egypt fighting the Germany’s while American troops launched an invasion of French North Africa (United States History, 2012). The objective for operation torch was to gain control of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia which were all under the French dictatorship. By having control, the Allies (Britain, Soviet Union, and the United States) wanted to push the Axis out of Africa. The Allies were successful. â€Å"On May 12, 1943, the last organized Axis army force in Africa surrendered. The Allies had killed, wounded, or captured about 350,000 Axis soldiers, and had suffered about 70,000 casualties. After the victory in the North African Campaign, the stage was set for the Italian Campaign to begin† (United States History, 2012). Italian Campaign Figure 2. The Pacific and Adjacent Theaters, 1942-1945 At the Casablanca Conference held in Casablanca, Morocco in January 1943; the decision was made to invade Italy. The Allies had their first war conference to discuss the invasion. This launched the Italian Campaign which placed Allied soldiers on the mainland in Europe. The Italian Campaign consisted of five objectives: to â€Å"capitalize on the collapse of Italian resistance, make immediate use of ready Allied strength, engage German forces that might otherwise be used in Russia and northern France, secure airfields from which to intensify the bombing of Germany and the Balkans, and gain complete control of the Mediterranean† (United States History, 2012). D-Day; Normandy landings was the Operation Husky. During this operation, Allies landed on the beaches while leading the Germans to thinking that they would attack Sardinia and Corsica. Due to the bombing in Rome, the head of the government king Mussolini was forced to resign from his position. At that time, the Italians wanted to withdraw from the war with Japan and Russia. Operation Husky wanted to completely eliminate Italy from the war. By the end of the Italian Campaign, the war against Germany reallocated to France. â€Å"In the spring of 1945 Allied forces penetrated the final German defensive line to enter the fertile plains of the Po River Valley. On May 2, the Germans in Italy surrendered† (United States History, 2012). Japanese American, Infantry men of the 442nd Regiment, runs for cover as a German artillery shell is about to land outside the building. Levine, Italy. April 4, 1945. Normandy Campaign The objectives of the Allies were during the invasion of Normandy was eliminate all of the Germans capabilities of trying to organize a counterattack during the Allies amphibious assault. The Allies used their airborne capabilities to seize significant objectives like bridges, road crossings and terrain area’s mainly on the eastern and western flanks. The Allies also used their airborne infantry to land behind enemy forces on the beaches of Normandy to help egress the amphibious forces and also neutralize and destroy the Germans coastal defenses batteries. Sword beach was invaded by the British infantry, we the infantry made it ashore they were met with light resistance and the suffered minimal casualties. They had advanced five miles inland by the end of the first day of battle, but they did not meet their major objectives such as Caen which was still in possession of the Germans. Juno beach was invaded by the Canadian army; they were met with heavy German resistance upon landing ashore in Normandy. There were by heavy machine gun fire, pill boxes, and other major concrete fortifications that the German army had set up. Juno beach was the second heaviest outpost guarded by the Germans. The Canadian Army was the only unit to reach all of their objectives on D-Day. Gold beach was invaded by the 50th (Northumbrian) infantry division; they were also met with stiff German resistance due to the Germans fortifying a village along the beach front. You read "World War Ii the American Experience" in category "Papers" However, the 50th infantry divisions were able to overcome Germans and were able to proceed to outskirts of Bayeux by the end of the first day. The 50th infantry division then linked with Allied commando units who were securing the Port-en-Bessin. This gave the Allies a base that they could deploy the PLUTO pipeline. Omaha beach was invaded by the American allies; they met fierce resistance from the German 352nd Infantry Division who were Germany’s best trained force for defending the beaches and coastal areas. Omaha beach was so well fortified by the Germans that the Americans missed most of their landing objectives. However, after battling the Germans for three days the American allies were able to penetrate the Germans fortifications and move forward. Utah beach was invaded by the 4th infantry division; they were met with very little German resistance and were able to move further inland by the late afternoon where they linked up the 101st airborne division. After the beaches were secured allied forces were able to set up the Mulberry Harbors, which allowed supplies and reinforcements to come ashore to support allied forces. Victory in Normandy was followed by a pursuit to the French border in short order, and Germany was forced once again to reinforce the Western Front with manpower and resources from the Soviet and Italian fronts. By September, Allied forces of seven field armies (two of which came through southern France in Operation Dragoon) were approaching the German frontier. Allied material weight told heavily in Normandy, as did intelligence and deception plans. The general Allied concept of the battle was sound, drawing on the strengths of both Britain and the United States. German dispositions and leadership were often faulty, despite a creditable showing on the ground by many German units. In larger context the Normandy landings helped the Soviets on the Eastern front, who were facing the bulk of the German forces and, to a certain extent, contributed to the shortening of the conflict there. War in Europe The Battle of Atlantic was a battle that began with Great Britain declaring war on the Germans in September of 1939. The battle of the Atlantic brought about significant changes and creative inventions to the allies military. This was a major reason that allied forces were able to defeat the Germans in the Battle of Atlantic. The Battle of the Atlantic cost thousands of soldiers their lives and thousands of Navy ships were destroyed as well. During World War II allied forces conducted strategic bombing missions against the German’s. Allied forces would bomb railways, harbors, industrial places, and cities. As World War II begins to intensify, allied forces began to conduct numerous bombing missions. Allied forces bombed city believes that it was physiological warfare and they believe it would break the enemy’s will to continue fighting. The Majdanek concentration camp was located in Eastern Poland and was the first concentration camp that was liberate by the soviets in July of 1944. Before the Soviets were able to liberate the Majdanek concentration camp the German Nazi’s had killed between 90,000 and 140,000 prisoners. Majdanek concentration camp was initially a Prisoner of War camp that housed Russian Prisoners of War, but the camp soon turned towards a concentration camp for the Jews. It is estimated that 60,000 Jews were killed during the camps operation. In July of 1944 the soviets advanced on the Majdanek concentration so fast that the German Nazi’s were not able to conceal the evidence of the torture and killings they had committed. Liberation of Paris America was in war on two fronts, the war against Japan, and the war against Germany. The beginning of the conflict started with Paris started with Britain and Germany over a blockade that was preventing America to trade with either country. America had signed a treaty to stay out of the conflicts with foreign countries. America was drawn into the conflict when Germany decided to launch a full scale war with against Britain and France (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012). Paris had been invaded by the Germans, causing stress, killings, and havoc to the residents until D-Day, a code name for Destination Day, when America and France liberated Paris and broke the Strong hold of Germany and freed Paris (â€Å"Weider History Group†, 2006). Operation Market Garden was a strategic military maneuver plan in September 1944 to be carried out by planning to attack the Germans from the north, south, across the Rhine River, and west of Normandy along with an air attack. This plan failed due to conflict in order on when to strike and bad weather (Macdonald, n. d). The Germans strategy was if they could take control of smaller section of a country like Belgium, they would eventually take control of the country entirely. The Battle of the Bulge was one of the largest battles to take place on the west front. They lost the battle because they were spread too thin and was unsuccessful in knocking out the power in Bastogne, Belgium (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012). During the time of war the three allied forces, Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt was under great concern of the condition Poland would be in as they draw near their victory of the World War in January 1945. The Soviet Union, United States, who sided with Great Britain, was at odds with each other over Poland of which Soviet Union occupied. The Soviet Union wants to serve as a buffer for Poland whiles the United States and Britain wand Poland to be more independent. The Soviet Union proposal was more favorable and resulted in the Yalta Agreement. Churchill was in disagreement with the decision and the Soviet and Britain ended up in a Cold War (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012). While at the conference meeting in Yalta, Churchill and his ally, Roosevelt was planning an attack on Dresden, a city outside of Berlin. This city was a city of refuge that had no military stations of weapons. It only was a place that had hospitals and house to care for the wounded from the military. The people fled to the city seeking refuge from the Red terror of the war. Many of them were Jews, men women and children. The total death from the bombing is really unknown but is to be said to be over 600,000 (â€Å"The WWII Dresden Holocaust – A single Column of Flame†, n. . ). During the time of all the events that took place in Germany and World War II, it finally broke the back and the strong hold that Hitler had over Germany. At the end of the Holocaust of Dresden and the slaughter of Jews from the concentration camps of which 30,000 were killed, giving an estimated death toll of 600,000 men, women, and children. Hitler was known to have committed suicide in April 30 , 1945, given victory over Germany, known as of today called V- E Day, â€Å"Victory in Europe Day (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012). War in the Pacific The United States was holding a war on two fronts, the war in Germany with Britain and France against Germany, and the war against Japan. The Great Depression was perhaps the cause of both wars. With the Stock market crashing and the fall of the economy, America and some of the countries it served and served it was becoming financially ruin and was fighting to stay in power. Each country feeling its own power was trying to make sure that they were not going to be taken advantage of (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012). America had a strong presence in the Pacific and Japan did not want them there. They were fighting over who would control Hawaii. Japan also wants to take control of all Asia and China. During the time of World War II, Hong Kong was a part of Britain territory. MacArthur and Nimitz are two officers that have great similarities in helping turn the war to the benefit of America. Douglas MacArthur was a General in the U. S Army and Admirable Chester Nimitz was an officer in the United States Navy who had different styles of leadership that worked together to regain control of land and water in the Pacific War. Gen. MacArthur took control of the Philippines and Adm. Nimitz gain control of the Pacific. Churchill and Roosevelt were winning the war. Along with the best two commanders, they began to use a strategy to keep Japan from getting a foothold by sending troops to take over small islands and maintaining control and at the same time pushing the Japanese back while earning the name Island Hoppers (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012). References Center of Military History. (1992). A Brief History of the U. S. Army. Retrieved from http://www. ibiblio. org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-WWII/index. tml Schultz, K. M. (2012). HIST2, Volume 2 (2nd Ed. ). Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. The WWII Dresden Holocaust – A Single Column of Flame. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://rense. com/general19/flame. htm Weider History Group. (2006). Retrieved from http://www. historynet. com/world-war-ii-the-liberation-of-paris. htm United States History. (2012). Italian Campaign. Retrieved from http://www. u-s-history. com/pages/h1742. html United States History. (2012). North African Campaign. Retrieved from http://www. u-s-history. com/pages/h1727. html How to cite World War Ii the American Experience, Essays

Multitasking While Driving free essay sample

Carnegie Mellon University studies shows that multitasking while driving can negatively affect the performance of all tasks, especially degrades the ability to drive. If men and women were more informed of the consequences and were to take action against this, there would be less accidents and driving would be safer than it is now. The California law precisely focuses on texting while driving which is ineffective because it is not the only cause of accidents; therefore, the law should prohibit all forms of multi-tasking while driving.Historically, texting was introduced in the later in the 20th century and adopted in the 21st century. Texting is when a person sends a text message through his or her phone. Texting became popular to consumers and it began to be dangerous to society when used while driving. As texting started becoming popular throughout the years, it created a problem to society. To resolve the issue driving laws were introduced on September 24, 2008 by Arnold Schwarzenegger. Even after it was lawed to be illegal, the consequences still continue today. The law is not enforced enough to resolve this issue. To create a solution to talking and driving, hands free was created but conversations sometimes tend to be so interesting that causes the person to lose track of the road, which leads to an accident. Studies have proven that multitasking while driving affects the brain (Atkins, 2008). People need to be informed about the consequences more and laws should be stricter to prevent future accidents and a safer driving experience. If young teenagers that are starting to drive were more informed bout the causes of multitasking while driving, it would help significantly drop the accident rate, since 52% of teens talk on the cellphone while they drive (Car Accident Cell Phone Statistics ). Presently, both men and women of older and younger generation are being affected by this problem in several ways. Whether the person may be driving or simply walking on the road, the effects of multitasking can harm either and even both. The consequences can be life threatening. After interviewing Sgt.Brad Cornelius Beverly hills police department regarding texting while driving, he states that collisions have increased because of texting while driving, state wide and nation-wide. When asked if he had any personal experiences regarding this problem he said â€Å"enforce the laws, step up the reinforcement, provide more information to schools, some students unclear about the laws† (A. D. Ackerman, Interviewer) Sgt. Brad also had a personal experience regarding this issue; his daughter was 16 and had less than 6 months of driving experience and was hit by a driver using his cellphone. This caused his daughter to hit a tree at 50mph and she is still recovering, but brain damaged and will never fully recover because now her quality of life has changed. Multitasking while driving can cause a variety of problems depending on what is being done while driving, the consequences can be life threatening. Some drivers tend to read a book or eat a sandwich while they drive. These actions can be very dangerous. Many times quick decisions are needed to be made while driving. If you are reading a book or a magazine you risk being distracted and causing an accident.Many times people get so into what they are doing, whether it may be eating a burger or flipping pages in a magazine they forget to turn on their light signals and make a turn anyway. Eating a sandwich and spilling ketchup on your lap and trying to wipe it after may cause off-sight of the road which is also dangerous. It is sad that drive-through is still very popular for traveling motorists. Many individuals do not have financial coverage and this leads to the tax payers to pay for their action. The number of uninsured Americans is nearly 50. 7 million according to USA today.This is a great number of people, the population of America is nearly 300 million, 1/6th of Americans actually have insurance. Tax payers have to pay for all those who do not have insurance if they get into an accident. Yet, there is nothing being done about this cause. Laws are not enforced enough to keep issues like this one away. Even worse, if no law is created to stop this issue, hundreds of lives will be lost. Even if something is done really quickly, it does not necessarily mean it will be ok if you do it while you driving. It is not only putting the driver at risk but also the people driving around him.The number of deaths while driving are as high as 42,636 per year (U. S. Driving Fatalities, Total and Alcohol-Related, 2005). It tends to increase year by year, which is not a good sign. Future drivers need to be educated and informed of the effects multitasking and driving can cause. Something needs to be done to resolve this issue and the only person we have to blame is ourselves for not taking action to change it. We must do something while we still have the chance. Supporters of texting while driving argue that whatever task they are doing while driving, it is being done â€Å"carefully†.Even if you think your being careful does not necessarily mean it will have no consequences, nobody can predict the future. It may seem like an alternative but sometimes many individuals get so into what the conversation is about rather then what they are doing and it can lead to an accident. Anything done while driving, can never be considered safe. Those who stand for multitasking and driving argue that hands free devices are an alternative to holding your cellphone and talking. Social communications can also be a dangerous distraction causing accidents.Conversations can be so intense in some cases that the driver might glimpse away from the road and look at the person who is speaking. Sometimes this can be risky, due to the fact that even a simple mistake can cause a terrible accident. Many times children tend to make disruptions by throwing things and rough housing while an individual is driving. Sometimes this can cause the driver to look back at them and miss a potential hazard. These actions can all lead to something serious. Hands free devices are not a solution to this problem. The California law for driving may become stricter as years go by, hopefully.However, people will probably continue text to message while driving and risk their lives. Knowing that it can lead to serious consequences, people still do what they want. It is legal to do many things while driving, but is it the right thing to do? Is it worth putting your life in danger to eat a sandwich because you are hungry? It is decisions one must take upon themselves, and choose what is right the thing to do vs. what needs to be done. California driving laws regarding texting while driving is ineffective and it is not the only cause of accidents, newer laws need to take place to fix this issue.